Identity Theft Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Data fraud - Assignment Example Such improvements have made correspondence a subsequent errand, where a lot of information and data can be gathered and utilized for various purposes without any problem. Be that as it may, these improvements can be viewed as positive for people, yet these can likewise be viewed as a contrary wonder. It is typically called as the â€Å"double edged sword†, where it has both brilliant and dull sides. In spite of the fact that PC and data innovation has end up being a lot of valuable for correspondence and business improvement, however it has additionally made new ways for doing unlawful or crimes (Gordon, Hosmer, Siedsma, and Rebovich, 2003; Smith and Spafford, 2004). Up till now an enormous number of security dangers have been developed in the realm of processing, anyway the data fraud is accepted to be the most pivotal among every one of them. This paper presents a review of fraud. Fraud is the most pervasive crime seen as threatening to the vast majority of the individuals and organizations, as appeared above in figure 1. Be that as it may, there is minimal observational and test research is led over this issue, because of some significant explanation, for example, the discovery rate, segment measurement of the wrongdoing, and the lawbreakers; distinguish capacity (Allisona, Schuck, and Lersch, 2005). Fraud is a type of cybercrime, which can be characterized as, â€Å"identity robbery is an abuse of an another person’s personality, for example, name, government managed savings number, driver’s permit, charge card numbers, and financial balance numbers† (Denning, 1999, p. 241). As the definition recommends that data fraud should be possible from various ways, so there some various types of the personality related wrongdoing, yet the most regular sort is the Mastercard robbery, where the charge card numbers are utilized so as to take an overwhelming sum. There is a proof according to an examination directed by Newman and McNally (2007) that the level of Mastercard robbery through the Internet has been snowballing as web

Project Management Design Life Cycle †Free Samples to Students

Question: Examine about the Project Management Design Life Cycle. Answer: Presentation A legitimate structure lifecycle helps in building up a top notch framework that meets the desire for the clients. An arranged methodology in an undertaking helps in convenient fulfillment of the task. The contextual analysis focuses on advancement of an official web based business site for XYZ Company as an arrangement to grow their business (Laudon 2013). The undertaking usage that is the advancement of site ought to be finished at the earliest opportunity. The contextual analysis talks about in detail the methodology or the strategy for the structure life cycle that is utilized in the undertaking, which is SDLC. The various periods of programming improvement life cycle incorporate necessities, plan, usage, testing, organization stage, activities and upkeep. The contextual analysis breaks down the significance and capacity of these stages in execution of a task, which is for this situation, is the advancement of an internet business site (Highsmith 2013). Programming/framework Development life cycle (SDLC) is a foundational approach of undertaking the executives that separates the whole task work into various stages for legitimate organization and execution of each stage. It is a system that characterizes the various errands that are acted in the whole lifecycle of programming improvement. It is a technique that improves the quality and by and large advancement procedure of a product (Massey and Satao 2012). The various exercises or periods of a product improvement life cycle are arranged before the usage of the undertaking. The organization XYZ is wanting to build up a safe site to extend their business in field of web based business. SDLC life cycle is picked for this venture so as to advance with the undertaking in a vital way. The various periods of a framework improvement life cycle comprise of prerequisite investigation and practicality investigation of the undertaking, arranging or the structuring stage, usage or execution stage, testing the framework and its arrangement followed by the support stage (Alshamrani and Bahattab 2015). Necessity Analysis The necessity investigation of is a significant period of a task advancement. Thinking about this venture, the diverse necessity investigation of the undertaking remembers point by point arranging of the quantity of pages for the site, structuring of database and connecting it to the site, choosing a proper plan of the site, setting up a copyright strategy of the site. The organization XYZ plans to build up a responsive structure and an intuitive site and in this way, appropriate research is fundamental before actualizing the venture (Bassil 2012). This progression of plan lifecycle is extremely basic to decide the normal calendar and cost of an undertaking. Aside from coding, one of the significant parts of a decent site is its plan and simplicity of use. Another significant piece of necessity examination is playing out a point by point practicality investigation of the venture. The organization has just laid a plausibility inquire about. Market esteem examination of the task announces the undertaking is doable to actualize. Achievability study guarantees that an undertaking is reasonable lawfully, in fact and financially. Henceforth, this is considered as a significant period of a plan life cycle. The financial possibility is for the most part considered in usage of little ventures, for example, improvement of site. The compensation and money saving advantage examination is essential to assess so as to evaluate the recompense time of the site (Balaji and Murugaiyan 2012). Structuring stage is another significant part of a plan life cycle. In the task examined, an appropriate plan of the site must be laid. Aside from coding of the site, choosing a suitable structure of the pages utilizing the CSS is required to make the site look appealing. The structure of a site assumes an indispensable job in expanding the traffic of the site. SDLC model of undertaking improvement have a devoted planning stage that assumes an indispensable job being developed of any venture. The structuring period of the site improvement for XYZ Company comprises of naming a substance author who might distinguish and deal with the substance that ought to be fused in the site. Moreover, the structure stage likewise manages the planning of the UI of the client. The organization has wanted to build up a responsive site; in this manner, the plan ought to be founded on supporting the intuitive element of the online business site to be created (Fuggetta Di Nitto 2014). The execution stage is the third and most significant period of a SDLC model. This is a significant period of a structure life cycle as the undertaking colleagues work for building up the genuine item or the product in this stage. SDLC is a non-iterative procedure and hence, usage stage follows the structure period of the task life cycle. In this specific task of building up a site, the usage stage for the most part manages the coding of programming. This stage can be additionally partitioned into two sections, one is planning of the front finish of the site that is coding of the interface, while the other is coding of the database followed by connecting the database with the site. Legitimate usage of the database of the site is as significant part of a site improvement. The site to be created is a web based business site and in this manner guaranteeing a making sure about site is fundamental. The exchange subtleties and the individual data of the clients that will be spared in the database ought to be appropriately scrambled to keep up the information privacy. This must be remembered for the coding period of the product improvement. The execution stage is considered as the most significant period of programming improvement life cycle as it centers around building the web as per the set structure (Stark 2015). HTML language and CGI is utilized as essential coding language alongside java content. Knowing the positive reason and objective of a site is fundamental for legitimate usage of a site. In the planning stage, the structure of the site is laid by the intended interest group. Moreover, a set objective is imperative to assess how the site will perform or whether it has any extent of progress in future. The information about the intended interest group helps in structuring and building up the suitable substance (Barnes and Hunt 2013). Execution period of the product improvement is trailed by the testing stage in a plan life cycle. The SDLC approach talked about for this situation concentrate likewise manages a broad testing period of the product to unhide the bugs present in the framework. The testing stage is one of the significant parts of a structure life cycle as it helps in disposing of the bugs from the framework. Programming testing is commonly required to call attention to the imperfections and mistakes that are made during the improvement periods of the task. Testing is moreover critical to guarantee the nature of the item. Testing estimates how viable, the exhibition of the product is and along these lines, it is an essential advance of any plan life cycle. This period of SDLC permits the coders or the engineers to check whether the code and the program working as indicated by the set measures (Lewis 2016). In this task, a wide range of practical testing have been conveyed placed so as to uncover the bugs present in the framework. These incorporates unit testing, mix testing and framework testing incorporates the white box and discovery testing. The code created was should have been tried against the necessities so as to determine whether the item is comprehending the requirements that were accumulated during the prerequisite examination stage. This stage is trailed by the testing stage and incorporates conveyance of a completed item to the customer. This period of SDLC comprise of beta testing that is required to recognize the bugs that may be as yet present in the framework. On the off chance that any bug is trapped in this stage, the building group is without a moment's delay revealed about the bug so the issue can be fixed. When the building group settle the issues, the last organization of the product can occur. The underlying sending period of the product incorporates a task survey by the venture supervisory group to think about the perspectives on the client (Model 2015). This period of a structure lifecycle model serves to empowers the item to be utilized in genuine condition for the most part by the end clients of the item. In any case, there are sure standards of the sending stage that ought to be trailed by the venture group so as to guarantee the proper organization of the code and innovation. One of the signifi cant periods of organization is planning and strategy stage where the task groups ought to for the most part introduce the product and guarantees appropriate establishment. The task colleagues are liable for appropriate establishment of the product and educate the clients about the working of the product in the data innovation condition (Sabale and Dani 2012). After the establishment period of the product, the undertaking colleagues actualize the code and the program to various frameworks in the area of arrangement, for example, an association. This is a broad procedure since each PC of the association ought to be sent with the product created. Another significant usefulness of the organization period of the product incorporates the customer close down stage or moving the possession to the entrepreneur. This demonstrates after the fruitful organization of the product, the entrepreneur will be liable for the support of the framework (Mishra and Dubey 2013). In the venture of advancement of an online business site for XYZ Company, the underlying sending stage incorporates propelling the site for playing out the beta testing. When the beta testing is effectively finished and the distinguished bugs are expelled, the last site jump starting is completed. The fruitful propelling of the site denotes the finish of the organization period of the SDLC model. Toward the finish of the arrangement stage, th

Project Management Reconstructing Project Management

Question: Characterize Project Management for Reconstructing Project Management. Answer: Presentation: The usage of task the executives approachs is expanding because of the quick universal extension of the organizations. The task the board systems have been shown up to recognize vital segments of an extend and embrace right execution of the means to improve the current administrations to the commercial center. In the expressions of Hyvri (2006), venture the board (PM) strategies help the chiefs to start proof based choices that best fits the general authoritative objectives. Thinking about the reality, the current investigation assesses the job of strategies in serving a venture the board. Likewise, various techniques and procedures alongside different examinations have been made in the present investigation. At long last, the examination draws a connection between the picked strategies with the general undertaking life cycle. The meaning of procedure and its job in the undertaking the board: The venture the board philosophy was recognized in the year 1960. Davidson Frame (2014) expressed that the methodology offers powerful measures to determine a specific issue in an organized and remarkable manner. Additionally, Levin (2013) showed that venture the board system is the mix of coherently related practices, techniques and procedures so the best field-tested strategy can be executed inside the association. Then again, the task the board philosophy is process driven more, and it's anything but a recipe. In single word, PM technique fills in as the instrument to deliberately understand the change procedure in regards to the time, cost and quality. Through a PM approach, associations experience key, strategic and operational advantages. In the expressions of Davidson Frame (2014), gatherings can extensively handle venture based issues. Then again, the system level guarantees mistake recognizable proof and alleviation at the underlying phase of the undertaking. At long last, the consistent succession of venture the board system encourages the firm to convey financially savvy venture answers for the endeavor. Assessment with respect to the similitudes and differentiations between the philosophies Cascade model: The cascade model is recognized as the non-interative structure process that is used in the product improvement process. As indicated by Leffingwell Widrig (2010), the Waterflow model is essentially utilized in the development and the assembling work process. The model streams the descending way through the phases of origination, investigation, plan, inception, testing, development, usage and support. Coordinated model: The coordinated model is the Rapid Application Development, which is advanced by considering the downsides of the Waterfall model. Kunal (2013) has introduced a factious explanation, which implies that the Agile model can be a refreshed variant of structure, be that as it may, the execution is done through the help of Scrum. Similitudes The improvements of both the models are exceptionally client centered, which gives progressively productive and visit heading to the venture directors. As indicated by Hyvri (2006), both the techniques give interesting chances to its customers, beginning from the organizing highlights to the emphasis arranging and looking at the continuous programming advancements through the new highlights. Dissimilarities In the Waterfall model, the product advancement is finished as a one single undertaking that is isolated into a few stages and every one of the stages show up just during the SDLC procedure. Be that as it may, the Agile structure thinks about the assortment of unending ventures and improves the general execution of the product by analyzing its cycle stages. Recognize the Relation between the picked philosophies and the task life cycle The undertaking life cycle model joins the five huge advances those are inception, arranging, execution and control and the conclusion. The cascade model is likewise contained five huge advances that incorporate prerequisites, structure, execution, testing and discharge. As the model follows a direct consecutive stream, in this manner the procedural plan of this particular model is totally fulfilled that the determinants of the venture life cycle process (Kunal, 2013). Then again, the parts of the nimble model like Inception, Transition, Technical Design and Construction demonstrate the grasping change in the improvement period of the undertaking life cycle. In this way, it could be surmised that the procedures and the specialized of the spry model are additionally connected to the general structure of the PLC. The cascade model encourages the venture administrator to adjust the cost, quality, hazard, scope and the other needful prerequisite of the undertaking. In this comparable man ner, the nimble model partitions the duties of the venture chief inside three dexterous jobs to advance powerfully in a steady manner. The iterative methodology and gradual strategy of these two models are completely practical to direct a powerful undertaking administration process (Masood et al. 2015). Thus, it could be derived that both the techniques and configuration example of these two models are equipped for giving an effective very much arranged undertaking improvement and the general operational procedure of the task life cycle. End: The current examination endeavors to decide the significance of the procedure in the venture the board structure. The investigation expresses that both the Waterfall and Agile models are fitting to mitigate the necessities of the undertaking life cycle. In any case, the attributes of the Agile model are more refreshed than the Waterfall model. References: Davidson Frame, J. (2014) Reconstructing venture the board, Project Management Journal, 45(1), e2e2 Hyvri, I. (2006). Undertaking the board adequacy in venture situated business associations. Universal Journal of Project Management, 24(3), 216225 Kunal, N. A. (2013). A cascade model of microfinance: Innovation and business enterprise for maintainable turn of events. Worldwide Journal of Business and Globalization, 10(4), 439445. Leffingwell, D., Widrig, D. (2010).Agile programming prerequisites: Lean necessities rehearses for groups, programs, and the endeavor (nimble programming improvement series)(4th ed.). Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Levin, G. (2013). Venture the executives for non-venture administrators. Task Management Journal, 44(5), e2e2 Masood Butt, S., Onn, A., Tabassam, N., Abdul Majid, M. (2015). Ease of use assessment methods for nimble programming model. Diary of Software, 10(1), 3241

Gun Reforms - Free Essay Example

In the recent years, Gun reforms remain the biggest challenge and debate in security agencies in the United States of America. Gun violence has claimed numerous innocent lives causing great moaning in the United States. Similarly, gun caused violence has also left several people crippled or with serious injuries hence affecting the health of the victim. This challenge is mainly caused by the issuance and possession of unrestricted firearms in the United States. Therefore a research should be done to investigate the current and the best gun reforms which will decrease the gun-related crimes(Huerta, 2015 pg 1848). Additionally, this will also reduce the number of deaths of innocent people who die due to gun violence. To do so, governments must control gun supply by illegalizing its possession without any exception to any condition. According Alexander, gun violence is the use of guns to cause any harm or injury to the human species. Additionally, gun violence is the general misuse of firearms. Therefore it broadly describes a category of crime and violence done with the use of a gun which can or not be activities of self-defense, sports, law enforcement actions and game hunting(Alexander, 2003). Most argue that gun violence comprises of deliberate use of guns to commit murder, cause an injury or threaten a person. In the last two decades, gun violence among the adolescents and children has increased, this is due to the presence of guns which make then to end up causing misfortune among themselves and the overall public. This essay will talk gun reforms in the United States as compared to other nations. It will also talk about the negative impacts of guns in the society. In the last three decades, gun reforms in the United States have been widely debated in different ways by different groups in the society. Research shows that united states of America have the largest number of its citizen with guns worldwide. According to the gun control agencies, Americans have approximately 270,000,000 guns; hence they have the highest number of guns in the world. Additionally, this means that in every 100 people in the US there are 89 guns or 89 of them have guns. Statistics show that 22% of the United States population has one or more guns. 35% of this population comprises of men while 12% are women. The gun culture in America originates back from their colonial history, frontier expansion, revolutionary origins, and the 2nd Amendment, which states that a well-controlled militia, is important to the safety of a free nation, the freedom of its citizens to have and keep firearms, should not be violated. Furthermore due to the high population in America, cultures and legal laws which allow gun ownership among their citizens, gun possession in America has escalated rapidly over the years. Additionally, the rapid increase of insecurity levels in the country has also lead to the demand gun privatization, thus increasing the number of firearms. This has also lead to numerous debates aiming at amending the gun laws, which will lead to full control of guns and their use and ownership. Most of the private gun owners have opposed the motion on gun reform since it will interfere with their regular activities such as drug trafficking and game hunting. Over the last two to three decades the gun culture in America has changed. This change has been mainly contributed to the formation of illegal gangs in some of the states such as Chicago who misuse the guns. A reflection of the impact of firearm misuse in the society is a recent case of the killing of school students by members of illegal gangs. To avoid such deaths in future, the government should implement the gun reforms present today. There are numerous ways in which gun reforms can be applied today. One of the gun reforms is where the gun control is the main duty of the government and the private safety companies such as in the United Kingdom. Hence the United States should also decentralize this security issues since the law enforcement is overwhelmed by the large number of crimes which they are required to deal with gun crimes. In United States, gun-based crimes are rampant, and they have claimed numerous innocent lives. In the modern world, there are numerous categories of criminal deeds ranging from national and international extremism to pick-pocketing. Most of these criminal activities are frequently accompanied by the use of violence which is very fatal and costly. For the last four decades crime rate has increased rapidly, and lack of serious actions it will go on increasing for a long period. On the other hand, this threatens the security of our country, since it causes deaths and destruction of properties and numerous inflated impacts. As a result of these people everywhere in the globe, even the famous and powerful leaders such as the United States President are also worried due to the rise of insecurity circumstances present in the world(Squires, 2017). Many incidences reported today show that the gun violence is the most frequent criminal activity. What even scares me is how these people get access to the firearms so easily including the youth and children. In fact, this easy accessibility of the firearms makes the fight against firearm crimes to be more complicated and very challenging (Alexander, 2003). The freedom of the youths to own guns has significantly caused an increase in the occurrences of violent activities, murder, and numerous social immoralities. In the US in some states such as Chicago, some illegal gangs use guns in protecting illegal drug trade and also enhance successful drug market supremacy. Violent actions may also arise due to the confrontation between various gang groups based on the racial aspects. These violent actions have to lead to the rapid growth of incidents hence a growth of debate on gun violence in most countries. These incidents are mainly reported to take place in the poor urban settings. Unfortunately, statistics show that young adults are the main participants in these criminal gun violence cases. Considering a historical background of the gun violence, events such as the assassination of American Presidents such as Abraham Lincoln in 1865, John Kennedy, William McKinley and James Garfield, prove that gun violence is not a new issue in the United States of America. Assassination and other violent activities have greatly burnt up the arguments on the gun reform. According to scholars, gun violence incidents can include activities such as suicides with guns, homicides by a weapon type, assassinations of a leader such as the U.S Presidents and robberies did use the firearms. From the research, suicide is the most significant gun violence in the United States. Various studies show that there is a great connection between having a gun at home and the cases reported due to gun suicides. According to Cook and Jens (2000) during the 20th century thats the 80s and the early 90s, there was a great increase in the incidents of teenage suicides which were by the use of a gun. Additionally, there was also a great increase of suicides among the elderly adults of the age of 75 years and above. Approximately over 50.7% of all suicides committed in the United States of America in 2006 was through the use of firearms. Most of the homicides which occurred in the 19th century were mainly due to mass disorders, while most homicides reported today are involve the use of firearms. An increase in homicide rates in the last three decades has mainly been observed among the black American males and the Hispanic males. The effects of gun violence include injuries and death. Drug trafficking and abuse mainly cocaine in the U.S. has also increased gun violence among the young adults. The main source of gun caused violence in the United States of America is the rapid economic growth of the U.S and political non-stability. According to Mcgrath, gun-caused homicides mostly occur in the informal groups or gangs of the young adults and teenagers during the commission of illegal activities or crimes. Statistics show that in 1976 approximately 70% of the gun caused arguments caused homicides. However, in 1993, almost all gang-associated homicides involved the use of firearms which accounts for 97%, while the firearm homicides connected to arguments was about 70%. Nevertheless, in 2004, the percentage of criminal gang homicides caused by guns in the United States decreased to 94%. However, the percentage of homicides caused by guns in committing crimes commitment increased from 60 % to 77%. According to a survey done in the year 2005, approximately eleven thousand three hundred and forty-five citizens were murdered using guns and over four hundred and seventy-seven thousand people were victims of gun crimes. A further survey taken in 2006 shows that 68% of the killings were committed using a gun, while 42% o f the robberies involved the use of guns and 22% were aggravated attacks. Approximately more than a quarter of all commercial robberies done in the United States are committed using guns. Larcenies done with firearms are likely to cause fatalities since thefts done using of other weapons. Some criminologists argue that if guns availability and use is controlled and restricted then criminals might commit a crime but with very less or minimal consequences(Spitzer, 2015). According to the General Social Survey statistics of 2004, 36.5 % of the population of America reported having a gun in their homes. The General Social Survey statistics also show that approximately forty-four million people in the United States are private gun owners, 25% of these are adults, and 40% are house owners. In United States, private firearm ownership is spread out geographically: 25% of all privately owned guns are found in the North and eastern states, while 60% are found in the East, South and Central States. The control of firearm is supposed to be a major issue in U.S. However, the Americans must reckon with gun politics carried out on their territory. From research guns or firearms simply increases the occurrence of criminal offenses and increase the probability of even more serious and lethal results. Firearm laws are the topic in most debates and arguments in the United States of America. This due to the extensional use of guns today such as in recreational activi ties such as hunting and for personal protection. Most celebrities all over the world use firearms in hunting and as security in protecting themselves. In U.S there are laws which limit gun dealers selling handguns to individuals under the age of twenty-one years and any fire to individuals under the age of 18 years. Additionally, there is also fixed limitations on vending guns to the foreign citizens. In America, the youthful firearm ownership is a severe issue. The gun reform policy is getting through big hurdles. According to Canada, only 60% to 70% of gun sales are established under licensed gun suppliers. Most of the gun trades done by the young adults and felons take place in a secondary market. A secondary market is a place or market where individuals deliver and purchase firearms without being licensed by the law. However, this trade is perilous in very many ways additionally most guns sold or traded in the secondary market are used in homicides before. According to Spivak (2004), The Bureau of Tobacco Alcohol Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) regulates the activities of all licensed gun dealers. The ATF demands all the gun manufacturing companies to mark all guns with a special serial number. Hence they can easily follow-up all the firearms used in criminal activities according to the Federal License. According to ATP, approximately five hundred thousand firearms are stolen every year, and they may get into the wrong hands(Ludwig, 2017 pg 12098). Conclusion There are numerous factors which can be considered as the main cause of increased rates of firearm crimes and violence. It is essential to note that firearm crimes can be controlled if there is full control of the gun supply and illegalization of its possession. Even though its a collective duty, governments have a significant obligation to take on. As policies to control gun violence go on to be formulated, the United States remains to be the leading nation with highest levels of gun violence in the world. Hence the American government should be extremely involved in the gun reform activities. Since our youth and children are the future of our country and its very crucial to help the young adults to be always healthy and wealthy; hence that is why its very important to make strict regulations. Introduction of gun reforms and bans and severe limitations will surely decrease the chance of criminals to obtain weapons most especially the highest risk individuals, such as young adults and convicted criminals. Another strategy can be by increasing the prices of all types of firearms which will greatly keep the youth and the common citizens from purchasing cold firearms. The third solution is a strict action of violence by the use of the law. This will be very efficient since it will probably scare criminals from committing more crimes and future criminals. To sum it all together, gun caused violence must be severely planned in joined means to give good results and save the country from suffe ring from any constant gun violence. Work cited DeConde, Alexander. Gun violence in America: the struggle for control. UPNE, 2003. Steve, P.. (2004). Gun Control and Crime. Retrieved September 09, 2009 from https://www.intellectualconservative.com/article3224.html Patrick, F. F.(2009). The Real Root Causes of Violent Crime: The Breakdown of Marriage, Family, and Community.14 May, 2009. https://www.heritage.org/Research/Crime/BG1026.cfm Squires, Peter. Guns, technology and crime.? The Routledge Handbook of Technology, Crime and Justice (2017): 263. Bloomberg, Michael R.? Reducing gun violence in America: informing policy with evidence and analysis. JHU Press, 2013. Spitzer, Robert J.? Politics of gun control. Routledge, 2015. Ludwig, Jens. Reducing gun violence in America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.46 (2017): 12097-12099. Huerta, Josselyn P. Control of Violence, Control of Fear: The Progression of Gun Control in San Francisco, 1847-1923. (2015). Annotated bibliography DeConde, Alexander. Gun violence in America: the struggle for control. UPNE, 2003. The gun violence is a serious issue which the world has had to deal with from time to time. Security agencies have shifted their focus to the gun reforms issues to stabilize and reduce gun caused violence. DeConde Alexander explores the myths and politics concerning gun control, controversies regarding gun use and crime, since the early years of the republic to the modern day. The author talks about how the gun-control movement has gained momentum among the American citizens due to recent developments such as increasing urbanization and industrialization. Alexander also explains why the US, with all its resources, it has failed to control the rise of small firearms among its citizens and to confine gun caused violence. Steve, P.. (2004). Gun Control and Crime. Retrieved September 09, 2009 The author of this journal emphasizes the importance of comprehensive gun control reforms in the world today. The author goes ahead to explain how gun-based crime has turned into being a major source of death and suicides among the American citizens. Additionally, the author states that the introduction of gun reforms is the cornerstone for preventing of this social epidemic. This journal analyses the existing evidence that proves that introduction of gun control the risk of death and crimes related to firearms. Patrick, F. F.(2009). The Real Root Causes of Violent Crime: The Breakdown of Marriage, Family, and Community.14 May 2009. https://www.heritage.org/Research/Crime/BG1026.cfm According to the thesis statement, gun control reforms programs reduce the crime rates and death caused by guns. The authors of this journal prove the thesis by the information he presents. Through their research the authors debate the main causes of violent crimes under different social groups such as family and the community. Additionally, the author states that with the introduction of gun reforms it will reduce these crimes. Squires, Peter. Guns, technology and crime. The Routledge Handbook of Technology, Crime and Justice (2017): 263. Squires argues that the development has lead to gun violence which is a serious issue that the world has had to deal with from time to time. The author also talks about how the security agencies have shifted their focus to the gun reforms issues to stabilize and reduce gun violence with the use of the modern technology. Squires, Peter explores the myths and politics concerning gun control, controversies regarding gun use and crime, since the early years of the republic to the modern day. Bloomberg, Michael R. Reducing gun violence in America: Informing policy with evidence and analysis. JHU Press, 2013. Bloomberg states in his book that gun violence is a serious issue which the world has had to deal with from time to time. Security agencies should shift their focus to the gun reforms issues to stabilize and reduce gun violence. The author uses the myths and politics concerning gun control, controversies regarding gun use and crime, since the early years of the republic to the modern day to get the best solution to solve this social problem. Spitzer, Robert J. Politics of gun control. Routledge, 2015. Robert Spitzer is a member of the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence and National Rifle Association. Due to the author respect on the issue of gun control he has explored into the myths and politics concerning gun control, controversies regarding gun use and crime, since the early years of the republic to the modern day. Also, Robert has investigated some of the recent gun violence cases such as the 2011 shooting of Congresswoman Gabby Giffords. Ludwig, Jens. Reducing gun violence in America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.46 (2017): 12097-12099. In the United States, guns have been involved in thousands and thousands of injuries and deaths every year. Ludwig uses the magnitude of this issue stimulated the National Academy of Sciences report of 2004 to detail the limitations and strengths of the current research on the association between guns and violence. Huerta, Josselyn P. Control of Violence, Control of Fear: The Progression of Gun Control in San Francisco, 1847-1923. (2015). Huerta focuses on gun reforms in San Francisco from 1847 to 1923, from the control of the violent men of the gold rush to the controlling of the Chinese, and finally to the control and management of the sale and distribution of guns. The author aims to educate the public on the gun control reforms using newspapers precisely the Daily Alta California. This is because its impossible to change peoples attitudes towards guns completely. However, newspapers provide a platform for public opinion, hence providing numerous opinions on the gun control.

What is the Sociology of Knowledge

The sociology of knowledge is a subfield within the discipline of sociology in which researchers and theorists focus on knowledge and knowing as socially grounded processes, and how, therefore, knowledge is understood to be a social production. Given this understanding, knowledge and knowing are contextual, shaped by interaction between people, and fundamentally shaped by one’s social location in society, in terms of race, class, gender, sexuality, nationality, culture, religion, etc.—what sociologists refer to as â€Å"positionality,† and the ideologies that frame one’s life. Impact of Social Institutions As socially situated activities, knowledge and knowing are made possible by and shaped by the social organization of a community or society. Social institutions, like education, family, religion, media, and scientific and medical establishments, play fundamental roles in knowledge production. Institutionally produced knowledge tends to be valued more highly in society than popular knowledge, which means that hierarchies of knowledge exist wherein the knowledge and ways of knowing of some are considered more accurate and valid than others. These distinctions often have to do with discourse, or the ways of speaking and writing that are used to express one’s knowledge. For this reason, knowledge and power are considered intimately related, as there is power within the knowledge creation process, power in the hierarchy of knowledge, and especially, power in creating knowledge about others and their communities. In this context, all knowledge is political, and the processes of know ledge formation and of knowing have sweeping implications in a variety of ways. Prominent Research Areas Research topics within the sociology of knowledge include and are not limited to: The processes by which people come to know the world, and the implications of these processesThe role of the economy and consumer goods in shaping knowledge formationThe effects of type of media or mode of communication on knowledge production, dissemination, and knowingThe political, economic, social, and environmental implications of hierarchies of knowledge and knowingThe relationship between power, knowledge, and inequality and injustice (i.e., racism, sexism, homophobia, ethnocentrism, xenophobia, etc.)Formation and spread of popular knowledge that is not institutionally framedThe political power of common sense, and the connections between knowledge and social orderThe connections between knowledge and social movements for change Theoretical Influences Interest in the social function and implications of knowledge and knowing exist in the early theoretical work of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim, as well as that of many other philosophers and scholars from around the world, but the subfield began to congeal as such after Karl Mannheim, a Hungarian sociologist, published Ideology and Utopia in 1936. Mannheim systematically tore down the idea of objective academic knowledge and advanced the idea that one’s intellectual point of view is inherently connected to one’s social position. He argued that truth is something that only exists relationally, because thought occurs in a social context, and is embedded in the values and social position of the thinking subject. He wrote, â€Å"The task of the study of ideology, which tries to be free from value-judgments, is to understand the narrowness of each individual point of view and the interplay between these distinctive attitudes in the total social process.† By plainly stating these observations, Mannheim spurred a century of theorizing and research in this vein, and effectively founded the sociology of knowledge. Writing simultaneously, journalist and political activist Antonio Gramsci made very important contributions to the subfield. Of intellectuals and their role in reproducing the power and domination of the ruling class, Gramsci argued that claims of objectivity are politically loaded claims and that intellectuals, though typically considered autonomous thinkers, produced knowledge reflective of their class positions. Given that most came from or aspired to the ruling class, Gramsci viewed intellectuals as key to the maintenance of rule through ideas and common sense, and wrote, â€Å"The intellectuals are the dominant group’s ‘deputies’ exercising the subaltern functions of social hegemony and political government.† French social theorist Michel Foucault made significant contributions to the sociology of knowledge in the late twentieth century. Much of his writing focused on the role of institutions, like medicine and prison, in producing knowledge about people, especially those considered â€Å"deviant.† Foucault theorized the way institutions produce discourses that are used to create subject and object categories that place people within a social hierarchy. These categories and the hierarchies they compose emerge from and reproduce social structures of power. He asserted that to represent others through the creation of categories is a form of power. Foucault maintained that no knowledge is neutral, it is all tied to power and is thus political. In 1978, Edward Said, a Palestinian American critical theorist and postcolonial scholar, published Orientalism. This book is about the relationships between the academic institution and the power dynamics of colonialism, identity, and racism. Said used historical texts, letters, and news accounts of members of Western empires to show how they effectively created â€Å"the Orient† as a category of knowledge. He defined â€Å"Orientalism,† or the practice of studying â€Å"the Orient,† as â€Å"the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient—dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing view of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short, Orientalism as a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient.† Said argued that Orientalism and the concept of â€Å"the Orient† were fundamental to the creation of a Western subject and identity, juxtaposed against the Orien tal other, that was framed as superior in intellect, ways of life, social organization, and thus, entitled to rule and resources. This work emphasized the power structures that shape and are reproduced by knowledge and is still widely taught and applicable in understanding relationships between the global East and West and North and South today. Other influential scholars in the history of the sociology of knowledge include Marcel Mauss, Max Scheler, Alfred Schà ¼tz, Edmund Husserl, Robert K. Merton, and Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann (The Social Construction of Reality). Notable Contemporary Works Patricia Hill Collins, â€Å"Learning from the outsider within: the sociological significance of black feminist thought.† Social Problems, 33(6): 14-32; Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge, 1990Chandra Mohanty, â€Å"Under western eyes: feminist scholarship and colonial discourses.† Pp. 17-42 in Feminism without borders: decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Duke University Press, 2003.Ann Swidler and Jorge Arditi. 1994. â€Å"The new sociology of knowledge.† Annual review of sociology, 20: 305-329.

Essay on Chemistry and the Structure of DNA - 590 Words

Genetics relies on chemistry to explain phenomena related to the field. The structure of DNA relies on chemistry. In fact, when James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA, they did so by building models based on the laws of chemistry. Chemistry also relates heavily to the structure and function of one of the main products of DNA: protein. Chemistry dictates the structure of DNA. DNA is a polymer of monomers called nucleic acids. These are made of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a sugar. It is the negative charge on the phosphate group that makes DNA an acid. There are 4 different bases: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. In groups of three, these four bases can code for any protein coded for in an†¦show more content†¦These are covalent bonds that involve removing a water molecule from each amino acid in a process called dehydration synthesis. The second level of organization involves the backbones of the amino acids. Hydrogen bonds form between the phosphate and carboxyl groups to form either hydrophobic alpha helices or hydrophilic beta pleated sheets. Alpha helices are hydrophobic because the coiled nature of the amino acids shields any hydrophilic parts of the amino acids from the environment. Proteins that are made to span a cell membrane will be made of both alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. The proteins are made so that alpha helices are within the membrane the beta pleated sheets are outside the membrane. This is because cell membranes are made of amphipathic molecules called phospholipids that form a bilayer. The third level involves the interactions between R groups on the amino acids. These could be ionic interactions, covalent bonding or hydrophobic or hydrophilic reactions. A specific type of covalent bond is called a disulfide bridge. This is formed when two sulfyhydryl groups within two amino acids’ R groups interact to form a covalent bond. 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Practices Organizational Citizens Behaviour -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Practices Organizational Citizens Behaviour? Answer: Introducation In todays competitive business world, corporations focus on hiring qualified and talented employees that are capable of efficiently performing assigned tasks. According to Wood et al. (2016), organisational behaviour assists companies in determining job performance and personality of an employee. It studies peoples behaviour in an enterprise to analyse the performance of individual and group. This essay will discuss the role of organisational behaviour theories in positively influencing employees performance in a firm. In recent years, corporations implement organisational behaviour strategies to enhance the productive performance of employees by maintaining a positive working environment. As per Suppiah and Singh (2011), effective organisational behaviour enables employees to interact with others positively. Leadership approach is a crucial element which assists in evaluating the impact of organisational behaviour in an enterprise and implementing various strategies to improve emplo yees performance. This essay will analyse why effective care is needed from leaders while performing various business functions such as setting goals, designing jobs, working conditions and motivating employees. Further, the essay will evaluate how managers can influence productive performance of employees and impact upon different organisational processes. Modern corporations use organisational behaviour theories for human resource purposes which assist them maximising the outputs of individual and group members. In recent years, managers pay special care while performing various business activities such as motivating employees, designing jobs, establishing positive working conditions and others in order to encourage employees productive performance (Snape and Redman, 2010). Managers use organisational behaviour theories to analyse the structure and processes of an enterprise to understand its internal and external interactions. While encouraging employees, managers reveal various hard and soft dimensions of their personality which they can utilise to encourage and motivate workers. There are various major contributing factors in organisational behaviour approach such as psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, political science, and economics. Manager analyses these factors while developing and implement organisational behaviour theories. The psychological factors evaluate how individual behave in response to incentive and sociology analyse employee relationship with groups and others (Kashyap, 2018). Social Psychology observes individuals behaviour in threat, conflicts and stress situations. Anthropology examines customer, traditions and social norms of a company since it is a part of larger society. Political Science assesses the power, authority and corporate politics which influence corporations hierarchy and economics focus on monetary and non-monetary incentives to motive employees performance. Job design focus on reducing job dissatisfaction among employees and assigning them jobs based on their qualifications and skills. In recent years, managers use job design strategy to increase employees productive performance by offering non-monetary incentives, such as personal achievement, promotion, job satisfaction, increasing responsibilities and challenges in their jobs (Erez, 2010). Organisation use job enrichment, job rotations, job enlargement and job simplification techniques during job design process. Various organisational behaviour theories assist managers in improving the efficiency of job design process and increasing job satisfaction. The Common Sense Theory (Theory X and Y) provides that there are different types of people in a corporation; Theory X employees focus on monetary benefits, and they did not care about anything else whereas Theory Y employees focus on improving their lives and independence (Sorensen and Minahan, 2011). Theory X employees are considered as lazy, unreliable and untrustworthy, whereas, Theory Y employees are moral, responsible and good for companys development. Steve Jobs, former CEO and co-founder of Apple Incorporation, used Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y approach in the company to increase employees productive performance (Baker, 2013). He used this theory to motivate the team as a whole rather than managing individual staff which allowed employees to perform with full potential. In the technology industry, job satisfaction is a key factor because most of the employees are millennials who do not prefer to work for another company and believe in establishing start-ups. High rate of retention in software companies can be reduced by Theory X and Y approach because it assists in designing jobs that satisfy employees requirement and increase their productive performance. Similarly, Herzbergs Two Factor Theory also assist corporations in job designing process because it analyses various motivators that cause job satisfaction or dissatisfaction in a company and managers can use them to positively influence employees performance (Tan and Waheed, 2011). Google Incorporation uses this approach to increase the satisfaction of their employees because of which company has won the title of the best place to work many times (Fortune, 2017). Managers can implement these organisational behaviour theories into various operations in order to impact upon processes across the com pany, for example, implementing these policies into recruitment and selection process can allow the corporation to hire qualified employees based on job requirements. Working conditions referred to the organisational environment which affects employees in a company such as legal rights, responsibilities, job hours, safety standards, positive relationships and others. Managers focus on establishing positive working conditions in the workplace since it encourages employees to work at their full potential. Organisational behaviour theories focus on increasing job satisfaction of employees and motivating them in order to improve their working conditions (Chiang and Hsieh, 2012). Effective conflict resolution techniques also assist managers in establishing a positive relationship between workers. Many companies implement Behavioural management theory which provides that managers should have a better understanding of human nature, and they should treat every employee equally (Gavetti et al., 2012). The theory is based on Human relation approach which focuses on establishing positive organisational relationships that encourage workers to perform better. Effective communication is one of the major issues in large corporations, and it reduces companys performance because decision-making process takes a considerable amount of time. Managers can implement Webers Theory of Bureaucracy to address communication issue; the theory provides that role and responsibilities should be clearly defined which assist in establishing structured, hierarchical and clear communication channels. Managers should implement this theory across different divisions in order to address issues relating to poor communication (Merz, 2011). Modern corporations are facing the issue of high retention because people did not prefer to do repetitive tasks that are boring and does not require any cognitive or challenging skills. To address this issue, managers implement Goal-Setting Theory which set achievable goals for workers that challenge them to improve their productive performance (Sullivan and Strodes, 2010). Goal setting theory enables the manager to set SMART goals for employees which is an acronym for smart, measurable, assignable, realistic and time-based. These goals are based on employees skills and qualification, and they should be clearly communicated by the managers (Zahorsky, 2018). Google Incorporation uses this strategy because it reduces employees dissatisfaction by providing them new roles, responsibilities, and obligations which increase job satisfaction. Motivation is another approach which is used by modern corporations to increase employees productive performance and job satisfaction. The Expectancy T heory given by Porter and Layman Porter and Edward Lawler provide that employees are motivated by what they want and how likely they are going to get it. Porter and Lawler used the model given by Victor Vroom and added new aspects to improve it. The theory provides that there are two types of rewards: intrinsic and extrinsic (Estes and Polnick, 2012). Intrinsic rewards include personal growth, achievement, accomplishment, and sense of pleasure. Extrinsic motivation is based on tangible rewards such as increase in salary, bonus, and others. Managers should offer rewards based on employees requirement and their performance. Hierarchy of Needs Theory provided by Abraham Maslow is another popular motivation approach which encourages employees to increase their productive performance. The theory divided employees needs into five parts: physiological, security, social, self-esteem and self-actualisation (Jerome, 2013). The managers are requiring analysing employees requirements and providing them incentives accordingly. Kelloggs, an American food manufacturing company, has implemented Hierarchy of Needs theory throughout its divisions in or der to establish a positive relationship with employees and increase job satisfaction (Sharaf, 2014). This strategy assist company is reducing employee retention rate because it operates in food processing industry in which the work in repetitive and boring, and rate of employee retention is high. In conclusion, the organisational behaviour is a study of individuals and group in a company which focus on increase employees performance and establishing positive relationships. Managers pay special care while performing various business functions such as job designing, goal setting, establishing effective working conditions, motivating workers and others. Various organisational behaviour theories encourage employees to increase their productive performance such as Webers Classic Theory, Goal-Setting Theory, Hierarchy of Needs, Common Sense Theory and others. These theories assist managers in addressing various organisational issues which negatively influence employees performance. Following recommendations can assist managers in encouraging employees productive performance and influencing processes across the organisation. Modern corporations should analyse their workplace environment and business structure before implementing an organisational behaviour theory because one theory cannot apply to different companies and managers should develop a strategy based on firms requirements. The organisational behaviour theory should also be flexible, so it can be transformed by rapidly changing market conditions. The organisational behaviour theory should be similar and applied across different division of an organisation, or else it can give rise to employee disputes because one division might receive better incentives than others which create organisational conflict. These recommendations can be implemented by companies to encourage their employees productive performance which provides them a competitive advantage and sustains their future growth. References Baker, S. (2013) Steve Jobs vs Tim Cook If X worked then Y use a collaborative management style?. [Online] Righttrack Consultancy. Available at https://www.righttrackconsultancy.co.uk/steve-jobs-vs-tim-cook-if-jobs-was-effective-with-x-then/ [Accessed 17th January 2018]. Chiang, C.F. and Hsieh, T.S. (2012) The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior.International journal of hospitality management,31(1), pp.180-190. Erez, M. (2010) Culture and job design.Journal of Organizational Behavior,31(2?3), pp.389-400. Estes, B. and Polnick, B. (2012) Examining motivation theory in higher education: An expectancy theory analysis of tenured faculty productivity.International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration,15(1), pp.1-7. Fortune. (2016) Google. [Online] Available at https://fortune.com/best-companies/google/ [Accessed 17th January 2018]. Gavetti, G., Greve, H.R., Levinthal, D.A. and Ocasio, W. (2012) The behavioral theory of the firm: Assessment and prospects.Academy of Management Annals,6(1), pp.1-40. Jerome, N. (2013) Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), pp.39-45. Kashyap, D. (2018) Organizational Behavior and Other Fields of Study. [Online] Your Article Library. Available at https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/organizational-behaviour/organizational-behavior-and-other-fields-of-study/63745 [Accessed 17th January 2018]. Merz, F. (2011)Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy and its Negative Consequences. Grin Verlag. Sharaf, A. (2014) Kellogg's strategy (K-Values) of motivating employees. [Online] LinkedIn. Available at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140722081552-40947926-kellogg-s-strategy-k-values-of-motivation-of-employees [Accessed 17th January 2018]. Snape, E. and Redman, T. (2010) HRM practices, organizational citizenship behaviour, and performance: A multi?level analysis.Journal of Management Studies,47(7), pp.1219-1247. Sorensen, P.F. and Minahan, M. (2011) McGregor's legacy: the evolution and current application of Theory Y management.Journal of Management History,17(2), pp.178-192. Sullivan, G.S. and Strode, J.P. (2010) Motivation through goal setting: A self-determined perspective.Strategies,23(6), pp.18-23. Suppiah, V. and Singh Sandhu, M. (2011) Organisational culture's influence on tacit knowledge-sharing behaviour.Journal of knowledge management,15(3), pp.462-477. Tan, T.H. and Waheed, A. (2011) Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory and job satisfaction in the Malaysian retail sector: The mediating effect of love of money. Wood, J.M., Zeffane, R.M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., McKeown, T., Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G. and Osborn, R.N. (2016)Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd.. Zahorsky, D. (2018) 5 Elements of a SMART Business Goal. [Online] The Balance. Available at https://www.thebalance.com/elements-of-a-smart-business-goal-2951530 [Accessed 17th January 2018].